Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) co-infections have been reported as a public health concern worldwide. The presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in COVID-19-infected patients is a major problem due to its multidrug resistance (MDR). The excessive use of antimicrobials in COVID-19 patients leading to spread of antimicrobial resistance. Klebsiella spp. are commensals, and a leading cause of opportunistic and nosocomial infections. The MDR strains of K. pneumoniae causing increased infections. Alternative strategies to handle infections caused by these bacteria are required as strains become resistant to almost all antibiotics. Bacteriophages are viruses that can infect and kill bacteria by cell lysis. Phages are now being considered as alternatives to antimicrobial therapies. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the potential for lytic phages to combat MDR K.pneumoniae infections. In the present study, 15 K.pneumoniae strains were isolated from COVID-19 patients and found to be resistant to majority of antibiotics. Five phages were isolated against K.pneumoniae isolates. Isolated phages are specific to all isolated 15 strains of K. pneumoniae, having a burst size of 221 plaque forming units per cell and being found to be tadpole shaped measuring a diameter of 95 nm and long non-contractile tail of 120 nm. The isolated phages are specific to only K.pneumoniae and can be used in COVID-19 cases to control K. pneumoniae.

The aim of this study was to assess the infant/child oral health (IOH) related knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of parents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 327 parents. visiting the family medicine center at prince sultan military medical city, Riyadh Saudi Arabia. A 39-item questionnaire covering socio-demographic characteristics and questions pertaining to KAP regarding OH care will used to collect the data. Descriptive statistics, Student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Scheffe’s test will use for the statistical analysis (P ≤ 0.05). Results: The result showed that majority of the parents had good knowledge regarding OH, knowledge of cleaning (92.4.%) and knowledge of amount of sugar (88.1.%). the parent’s of age group (30 to 39) years (n=147) reported the highest mean (knowledge, attitudes, and practice) scores among all other age groups with a knowledge mean score of (6.80± 1.73), an attitude mean score of (8.86±1.37), and a practice mean score of (5.14± 1.86). Female parents showed a significantly higher mean knowledge, attitude and practices scores than the male parents. In addition, middle income level parents’ group (n=295) reported higher knowledge mean score compared to low-income parents’ group (n=15) with mean difference d=1.15, p=.041. Conclusion: Parents knowledge about maintaining oral and dental heath care for infant/child was inadequate. Essentially, medical professionals are the initial ones to interact with expecting and new moms. Therefore, need to raise parents’ awareness about oral and dental health for infants/ child, through develop and implementation long-term education and promotions programs.

The main purpose of the present study was to form a connection between milk likening and urobilinogen. Bilirubin reduces to produce a colorless material that is known as bilinogen. Bacteria acts on bilirubin in the intestine and produces urobilinogen. It also has a quality of reabsorption. It is reabsorbed in the liver and delivers to the kidneys. Milk is a big source of yogurt production through fermentation process. It is best source of probiotics which help to solve problems related to the health. Urine test was performed to check the various changes in urine psychotherapy and presence of bilinogen in urine

If someone is interested in cartoon watching then there will be some chances to be relate with specific gravity by changing the value .The main motive of the study was to interconnect cartoon watching with urine specific gravity. Urine specific gravity is the measurement of amount of solutes in the urine. It measures the water and urine density and also gives information on the ability of kidney to concentrate urine. Dehydration, over hydration, heart failure all are the conditions of specific gravity test. Osmolality test are sometimes used to evaluate how the kidneys dilute and concentrate urine. There were about 100 students involved in this research. All of them were the students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan. They were between the ages of 19-22. They shared their point of views about the affection and distest of cartoon watching.

If someone is interested in cartoon watching then there will be some chances to be relate with specific gravity by changing the value .The main motive of the study was to interconnect cartoon watching with urine specific gravity. Urine specific gravity is the measurement of amount of solutes in the urine. It measures the water and urine density and also gives information on the ability of kidney to concentrate urine. Dehydration, over hydration, heart failure all are the conditions of specific gravity test. Osmolality test are sometimes used to evaluate how the kidneys dilute and concentrate urine. There were about 100 students involved in this research. All of them were the students of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan. They were between the ages of 19-22. They shared their point of views about the affection and distest of cartoon watching.

Color depicts the personality of the people wearing it. If someone likes a particular cloth color then it shows his emotions and mood. The present research was about the urine protein, that how it accomplices with the material's shading choice. Full scale 100 subjects perform their role to finish this examination.Everything, which is present in excess amount in our body, is bad for our health. The condition in which abnormal quantities of proteins are present in our urine is called urine protein or proteinuria. This condition indicates the damaged kidney functioning. Bits of attire is basic for us and the most noteworthy thing in it is to pick the most dumbfounding shading. We gauged urine protein by a couple of tests regardless unequivocally by a urinalysis test.This undertaking contains 100 subjects. In which 15 people and 85 females are joined. An examination was set up at how the urine protein impacts the assurance of bits of apparel shading.It is to come to know from the conversation that urine proteins have no significant relation with the cloth’s color decision.

Fluconazole is antifungal agent recommended in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by fungus and yeast. Fluconazole is slightly soluble in water and soluble in ethanol, DMSO, methanol and dimethylformamide. To obviate the usage of organic solvents, enhanced solubility in water of the same was achieved through hydrotropic solubilization technique. Quantitative solubility was inspected through solubilizing the drug in various concentrations of hydrotropes. Sodium salicylate, Sodium acetate, urea, Piperazine, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate and Nicotinamide are a few to mention among various hydrotropic agents. Solubility enhancement ratio was calculated and observed a 10-fold increase than that of in distilled water. A1%,1cm was measured and found to be0.8492. Standard solutions of FNZ were established to obey beer-lamberdt’s law in the range of 2.5-90mcg per mL. Ultra Violet Spectroscopy was carried out at 261nm and samples were prepared with a solution of Methanol and 230nm by using 2M urea. The linearity demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.999 for Methanol and for 2M urea is 0. 999.The solvents used throughout the experimental work were found to be free from any type of interference from any excipients and method was simple, rapid, precise, accurate and sensitive and can be applied in routine analysis of Fluconazole in single and combined form. Current research work defines a novel approach for usage of eco-friendly solvents in enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble pharmaceutical drug substances and disposal of the solvents are not harmful to the environment

It has been observed that students of a BZU who are using mobile phones have some diseases. For example sleep disorders, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder,anxiety and blood in urine.The presence of leukocytes in urine indicates the urinary tract inflammation. It is due to the bacterial infection. These bacteria enter into the body through urethra and multiply in urinary bladder. It may occur due to the kidney stones, urinary system blockage, kidneys infection etc. Many students were take part in this project and answer the question of mobile phone. Objective was to affiliate the urine leukocyte with mobile usage. . A questionnaire was prepared and checked there blood in urine.

Introduction: A routine prophylactic procedure during fixed appliance therapy is the use of fluoride mouthrinses to help maintain the patients’ oral hygiene and reduce the chances of development of white spot lesions and caries post fixed therapy. They are commercially available mouthrinses and easily available over the counter. These prophylactic agents affect the mechanical properties of the Ni-Ti wires. Thus, it is vital to study the effects of these fluoride agents on the Orthodontic appliance during fixed appliance therapy.Aim and Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the effect on the surface roughness of Ni-Ti wires when subjected to two different fluoride based mouthrinsesMaterials and Method: This was a scanning electron microscopy study wherein one hundredand twenty Ni-Ti wires of dimensions 0.019” x 0.025” (Ormco Corp, California, USA) were evaluated. The wires were cut into pieces of 10 mm each and were placed in three solutions for 4.5 hours. Two fluoride based mouthrinses and one control solution was used for the study. The solutions were divided into three groups as followsGroup I: A Control Solution – Artificial Saliva, Group II: Sodium Fluoride Based mouthrinse (Proflo Fluoride Mouth Rinse, Sandika Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India), Group III: Amine fluoride based Amflor Oral Rinse® (Amine fluoride, Group Pharmaceuticals Ltd, India). Surface irregularities were studied with a Scanning Electron Microscope (Quanta 200, FEI, Hillsboro,USA).Image obtained through SEM were evaluated for its roughness profile by surface analysis software “Mountains Map Premium 7.3” and degree of irregularities analysed.Results: Based on the SEM results, there was a statistically significant increase (P <0.05) in the surface roughness (Sa) of wires exposed to Sodium fluoride as compared to those exposed to Amine fluoride. This increase in surface roughness, in turn affects the frictional resistance of the wire making its application in levelling and alignment

The tendency of any microorganism that can interfere with Immune System which can lead to any negative or deleterious effect to the body organs is known as Infection. Diseases caused by infections are known as Contagious Diseases. Infections can be both acute and chronic. This research is based upon the Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological (Anti-microbial) activity of the plant Doronicum hookeri. This plant shows various activities like- Cardio tonic activity, Nerve tonic activity, Liver tonic activity, Antioxidant, and antifungal and antibacterial activity. Doronicum hookeri was subjected to various Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological evaluations. The Pharmacognostic evaluations investigated were Macroscopic and Microscopic evaluations and Physico-chemical evaluations like Loss of Drying, Ash values, Extractive values and pH determination. The phytochemical screening tests were done to investigate the presence of various secondary metabolites like tests for flavonoids, saponins, tannins, fixed oils and proteins. The Isolation and characterisation that are Thin Layer Chromatography, UV-Spectroscopy.

Dapagliflozin and Vildagliptin both are anti-diabetic medications used to treat people with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Dapagliflozin lowers blood glucose levels and enhances urine glucose excretion. Vildagliptin causes extended enzyme inhibition by forming a covalent bond with the DPP-4 catalytic site. When a single medication is ineffective for treating high blood sugar, Vildagliptin and Dapagliflozin are both administered in combination. Numerous analytical techniques, including UV, HPLC, LC-MS, and HPTLC approaches, have been developed for the determination of Dapagliflozin and Vildagliptin in pharmaceutical dosage form and bulk form. The study that follows shows a review of analytical techniques that covers estimating type-2 diabetic medication.

Background and aim: Vitamin D deficiency can lead to increase blood pressure in hypertension people and aim to determine the prevalent between hypertension and vitamin D deficiency in Pokhara Academy of health Science.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Western regional Hospital, Nepal from October 2020 to march 2021. 505 patient were participants including both male and female of age >18 years old, in our out patients department. Study was designed to collect patients' information relevant about hypertension and laboratory reports of vitamin D level. Results: patients of hypertension are prior to vitamin D insufficiency was highly prevalent. P value < 0.001.Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency in Nepal is very common till now and Nepalese people were high prevalent with hypertension. We emphasize that most Nepalese people vitamin D is need among the hypertensive patients. Supplement of vitamin D in hypertensive patients it reduce cardiovascular morbidity.

The nature of interactions between insect pests, crops, non-host plants, and their physical environment determines the effectiveness of biological control process. This study was conducted, the natural occurrence of egg parasitoids which was assessed by the compatibility of Trichogramma spp. that associated with the Helicoverpa armigera under mixed vegetation ecosystems on-farms and on station at different agro-ecosystems in Ethiopia related with the diversity, species composition, biology, and effectiveness of recovered Trichogramma spp. and other egg parasitoids on H. armigera. The diversity of egg parasitoids was conducted on 50 randomly selected farmer's fields from four agro-ecosystems indicating that there were four main groups of Hymenopteran egg parasitoids; namely, two Telenomus spp (Scelionidae); two Trichommatidae spp. nr. lutea and or armigera, two Trichogramma spp nr mwanzai and Trichogramma spp. nr bournieri (Trochogrammatiae) and a number of unidentified species during the academic year 2014-2015.The natural field parasitism was estimated to be 33%; parasitism of the recovered egg parasitoid species according to locations varied from 27 - 40 %, while that of different crops (cotton, tomato, and pepper) also varied from 25 - 57%. Among those recovered from the surveyed agro-ecological locations, Trichogramma spp. nr. bournieri was recorded on various canopy structures of cotton, tomato and maize, including that it has a broader niche. Egg parasitoids abundance and species composition were analyzed by the Czckanowski coefficient and Shannon index indicating that Trichorgamma spp. nr. bournieri, Telenomus spp. The Trichogramma spp. nr. mwanzai was widespread in both low (Afar) and high altitudes of agro-ecologies. The abundance of H. armigera eggs and its egg parasitoids in two benchmark sites at extremes of altitudes of 740 and 2024 m. a. s. l. during the main cropping season of 2014. At the lower altitudes, the highest counts of parasitized eggs were from pigeon peas where the parasitoid Telenomus spp. was most abundant. At higher altitudes, the highest numbers of parasitized eggs were recorded from tomatoes. The first appearance of a targeted host egg during the off-season at lower altitude was in November and it was the highest number recorded. At Guder during the off-season; H. armigera eggs and their parasitoids were received from November to January 2014-2015 in tomato and pigeon peas with the highest parasitism recorded in January to November, include year in tomatoes and pigeon peas with the highest parasitism recorded in January in both crops. This study concluded that the impact assessment of H. armigera's natural enemies in general and egg parasitoids in particular should be done in the different localities of the country to confirm the best candidate for use as biological agent and the application of pesticides in vegetable and fiber crops based agro-ecosystems should be judiciously and for further ecological and physiological studies with regards to H. armigera and its egg parasitoids interaction should be conducted. Furthermore, studies on the development of mass production techniques for effective egg parasitoids should be emphasized.

Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) is highly valued in Herbal / African folk medicine because of its varied and numerous uses which are social, economic and medicinal, thus making it an essential ingredient in African medicine. The study reviews some related literature on the action of bitter kola on blood pressure and bleeding time and as well presents a case of the effect on a volunteered subject. Bitter kola from our study has shown decrease in Systolic and Diastolic Blood pressure and pulse rate every 30 minute within 2 hours but reverses after 2 hours. Bleeding time increases every 30 minutes within 2 hours but started decreasing after 2 hours. Other studies showed that Bitter kola has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, molluscidal, anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic and hepatoprotective but this study adds that it is cardio-protective in hypertension and in excess blood clotting. However, Blood donors and those at the risk of accident should not take bitter kola as snacks till after the blood donation or accident free experience.

At present, Covid-19 is a significant concern due to its high mortality and morbidity rates. Since there is currently no cure available, it is crucial for individuals to prioritize basic care and boost their immunity. One possible approach for preventing such diseases is through Ayurveda, which offers various therapies, medicines, and lifestyle measures to enhance immunity and manage illnesses. Ayurveda, supported by AYUSH, provides fundamental methods to incorporate into one's life. This article highlights the importance of Ayurveda in treating airborne diseases like Covid-19. Ayurveda emphasizes the body's response to treatment and the role of chakra healing in addressing Covid-19. Susruta identifies chakras within our bodies, which serve as a means of communication with different diseases through elements such as air, water, earth, and fire. Ayurveda is the oldest healing system that facilitates the connection between the body, mind, and soul, bringing individuals closer to nature and promoting inner calmness in various situations. India has a history of dealing with epidemics, and Ayurveda has played a prominent role in healthcare during those times. Ayurveda has recorded valuable experiences and insights into epidemics, their causes, severity factors, complications, management, and prevention, often referred to as Janapadodhwamsa.

Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by the stiffening of the lung tissue affecting patient life quality. The shortness breathing and constant coughing are part of these people's daily lives. COVID-19 pandemic emerged in 2020 and had a profound impact on the world and had significant consequences, where many victims of this disease had symptoms that persist even with the end of the Sars-Cov-2 infection, in which the Pulmonary fibrosis appears as one of the most prevalent complications in these cases. However, despite its severity and relevance, many of its pathogenicity mechanisms are still unknown. In this way, this review aims to relate and present the most recent research aimed at the scope of disease related to COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis, thus aiming at improving the standards of diagnosis, prevention and treatment of this set of symptoms and pathologies, associated with the post-acute syndrome COVID-19

Food, following oxygen and water, holds the third position in terms of importance for the survival of living beings. This highlights the significant role of eating in one's life. Ahara, which refers to food in Ayurveda, profoundly impacts both health and sickness. A proper and healthy diet can lead to enhanced well-being, while an unhealthy one can contribute to illness. Food provides sustenance, energy, beauty, and vitality (known as Oja) to living organisms. Ayurveda categorizes Ahara based on factors such as origin, effects, and manner of consumption. Like the pillars that support a building, diet consistently supports the body. A complete and nutritious diet or wholesome food is attributed to the growth of living beings, whereas unwholesome food is linked to the rise of diseases.

Background: Jang et al (2020) mentioned that In recent years, the overall number of cirrhosis patients has decreased. Objective: Characteristics of patients with cirrhosis - A CASE AT Hanoi Medical University Hospital (HMUH) in 2022. Study design: Cross-sectional description. Results: Alcoholism had the highest amount of cases (50.5%). The second-highest cause was the hepatitis virus (HBV/HCV) (41.3%). Both NAFLD and auto-immune only had 2 case (1.8%). The remaining 5 patients (4.6%) have not identified the etiology of cirrhosis

Shalya tantra is an Ayurveda branch which is related with Ayurvedic surgery and provides many therapeutic regimens for the management of surgical conditions. The Ayurvedic surgery based on the principles and theories of Shalya tantra and helps to cure many pathological conditions. In this modern era, there is a remarkable increase in the number of traumatic cases, where the treating modalities like antibiotics, and local management is not sufficient for wound healing in present article we are discussing the role shalytantra in treatment of anorectal disorders

The field of Ayurveda is considered the "science of life" and a subset of Atharvaveda. Within Ayurveda, comprehensive descriptions are offered concerning various bodily systems, encompassing their anatomical, physiological, and pathological aspects. Among these systems, the Mutravaha Samsthana (Urinary system) holds significance, as it governs the creation and expulsion of urine. Unfavorable conditions within this system can give rise to numerous ailments concerning the Basti (Bladder). Ayurvedic texts contain depictions of several disorders that manifest similarly to urinary problems, yet are distinct in their underlying causes. Examples of Mutra Roga (Urinary disorders) encompass Mutraghaat (Obstruction), Mutrakricchra (Urinary tract infection), and Ashmari (Urolithiasis or kidney stones). Notably, renal calculi stand out as the most widespread and persistent ailment within the urinary tract system. This recurring and excruciating disorder ranks as the third most prevalent urinary ailment, inflicting intense pain and discomfort.

Tamaka Shwasa is a respiratory system ailment described in Ayurveda, impacting the Pranavaha Srotas and characterized by Tivra Vegam Shwasa (rapid breathing with shortness of breath), Ghurghuraktwa (wheezing), and other associated clinical signs. This condition, which we now recognize as Bronchial Asthma in modern medicine, shares some clinical similarities such as difficulty in breathing, coughing, and chest discomfort. Conventional treatment typically involves the use of bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, and corticosteroids. Prolonged use of these medications can lead to adverse effects and diminish treatment effectiveness. Given these circumstances, exploring Ayurvedic management approaches, as outlined in this study, becomes essential. The study aims to compare the effects of Nasya (nasal instillation) using Palandu taila and Anu taila in the treatment of Tamaka Shwasa, offering a potentially more efficient alternative.